What is anionic polyacrylamide (Apam)?

Anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) is its negative charge, which makes it highly effective in a wide range of applications. Anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) is highly water-soluble, which means that it can be easily dissolved in water and other aqueous solutions. This makes it easy to use in various applications, such as in the treatment of wastewater.

How Apam is used in oil & gas industry?

APAM can reduce interfacial tension and increase the displacement efficiency of the oil recovery process. Oil and Gas Industry: APAM is used in the oil and gas industry to improve the efficiency of drilling and production operations. It is used as a drilling fluid additive to increase viscosity, reduce fluid loss, and control formation damage.

What is a polyacrylamide (PAM)?

1. Introduction Polyacrylamides (PAM) are high molecular weight polymers deriving from the polymerization of acrylamide monomers. Their chemical composition and ionic character depend on the functional groups added to the acrylamide chemical moiety (Abidin et al., 2012; Acharya et al., 2010).

How Apam is used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR)?

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR): APAM is used in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) to increase the recovery of crude oil from reservoirs. It is injected into the reservoir to improve the mobility of the oil and reduce the amount of residual oil left in the rock.

What is Apam used for?

Synthetic polymers, including APAM, are used by the oil industry to enhance recovery of oil (EOR) from geological formations through polymer flooding (PF) (Abidin et al., 2012; Standnes, 2014).

Are Apam polymers toxic?

EOR polymers, including APAM, are generally assumed to be relatively nontoxic (Biesinger and Stokes, 1986; Bolto and Gregory, 2007). However, data on impacts on aquatic species, especially marine species are very limited.